TorontoStartsBook a call

Assembling the Future: The Promise of Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy

Silicon Scoop · November 25, 2024

Assembling the Future: The Promise of Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy The dream of harnessing fusion energy, the same power that fuels the stars, is pivoting towards reality with innovations that could soon allow us to build Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy, and a fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s as easily as assembling furniture. This article explores the transformation from complex, […]

With Craig Major and Jon Irwin

Open audio in your browser
Assembling the Future: The Promise of Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy

Assembling the Future: The Promise of Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy

The dream of harnessing fusion energy, the same power that fuels the stars, is pivoting towards reality with innovations that could soon allow us to build Off-the-Shelf Fusion Energy, and a fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s as easily as assembling furniture. This article explores the transformation from complex, costly research facilities to simpler, accessible technologies.

The Basics of Fusion Energy

The Basics of Fusion Energy delves into the core of what could potentially power our future with a clean, almost limitless energy source. At the heart of fusion energy is the process of merging atomic nuclei, an event that sources its inspiration directly from the sun and stars. This cosmic phenomenon generates immense energy, a prospect that has captivated scientists and engineers worldwide in their quest for a replicable, sustainable energy solution on Earth.

Fusion occurs when two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process. The most widely studied reaction for fusion energy involves isotopes of hydrogen (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/21/hydrogen-based-fusion), namely deuterium and tritium. When these nuclei merge, they form a helium nucleus and a neutron, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. This process stands in stark contrast to fission, the principle behind current nuclear reactors, where energy is obtained by splitting heavy atoms.

The allure of fusion as a superior form of energy is multifaceted. Firstly, it promises an almost inexhaustible supply of fuel. Deuterium can be extracted from water, while tritium can be bred from lithium, resources that are abundant on Earth. Secondly, fusion energy boasts a safety advantage; it doesn’t leave behind long-lived radioactive waste that fission does. Furthermore, fusion reactions are inherently self-limiting – if containment fails, the reaction quickly ceases. Lastly, unlike fossil fuels, fusion does not emit greenhouse gases, presenting a path towards a sustainable, cleaner energy future.

However, achieving controlled fusion on Earth is a gargantuan task, necessitating temperatures and pressures extreme enough to overcome the natural repulsion between the atomic nuclei. Tools like magnetic confinement in devices such as tokamaks and inertial confinement using high-powered lasers are among the methods being explored to harness fusion. The science behind fusing atomic nuclei, thus, is not just about bringing together particles but overcoming significant technical challenges to unlock an unparalleled energy source.

From Stellar Dreams to Tangible Technologies

Tracing the evolution of fusion energy research reveals a journey as captivating as the process itself, where the ambitions of scientists have gradually morphed into tangible technologies. Following a fundamental understanding of fusion energy, it is imperative to explore how theoretical knowledge has materialized into experimental accomplishments. This exploration began earnestly in the early 20th century, with scientists first theorizing the potential of nuclear fusion as the powerhouse of stars.

A pivotal moment in the history of fusion energy research was the conceptualization and subsequent invention of the stellarator in the early 1950s. Lyman Spitzer, a visionary astrophysicist, proposed the stellarator as a device to contain hot plasma using magnetic fields in a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) chamber. The aim was to mimic the conditions of the sun and stars, harnessing the fusion reaction under controllable conditions on Earth. The stellarator’s complex design aimed to maintain plasma stability without the issues predicted for simpler toroidal systems.

Shortly after the introduction of the stellarator, another groundbreaking technology emerged on the opposite side of the world—the tokamak. Developed by Soviet scientists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov in the late 1950s, the tokamak improved upon the stellarator’s design by introducing a toroidal magnetic field combined with a strong current through the plasma. This innovation significantly enhanced plasma stability and confinement, propelling the tokamak to the forefront of fusion research.

Through the decades, both the stellarator and tokamak have been at the core of international efforts to achieve sustainable nuclear fusion. Iterative advancements have led to the construction of larger and more sophisticated devices, such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in France, which represents the culmination of global collaboration in the tokamak research.

The continuous improvement of these devices, alongside breakthroughs in material science, plasma physics, and magnetic confinement, has gradually transformed fusion energy from a distant dream into a foreseeable reality. The development of off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s now seems within reach, promising an era of abundant, clean energy. Understanding the origins and evolution of the key technologies behind fusion energy provides invaluable insights into the challenges and breakthroughs that have paved the way for this transformative power source.

Understanding the Stellarator

The stellarator, a fusion device designed for confining hot plasma with magnetic fields in a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) chamber, distinguishes itself from its cousin, the tokamak, through its complex configuration. Unlike the tokamak, which relies on a combination of external magnetic fields and a strong current running through the plasma to create a confining magnetic field, the stellarator achieves this confinement through a carefully designed external magnetic field alone. This is achieved by twisting the plasma into a helical shape, a design that requires the magnetic coils that generate the field to be arranged in a highly intricate, three-dimensional configuration.

The design and mechanism of the stellarator solve several issues associated with tokamaks, particularly the challenge of maintaining a stable plasma current over long periods. The reliance on external magnetic fields for plasma confinement in stellarators removes the necessity for a constant plasma current, thereby eliminating disruptions—a significant problem in tokamak operations. This advantage makes stellarators a compelling candidate for continuous, steady-state operation, a critical requirement for any power-generating fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor).

Moreover, the stellarator’s design allows for more flexibility in terms of plasma shaping and optimization of magnetic confinement properties. This adaptability is crucial for minimizing energy losses and increasing the efficiency of the fusion process. It is precisely these unique features that make the stellarator an intriguing option for off-the-shelf fusion energy models. The inherent stability of stellarator plasmas could simplify reactor design, making it potentially easier to standardize and mass-produce fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s, akin to manufacturing and assembling modular components. This modularity and replicability would be vital for the widespread adoption and deployment of fusion energy technology, aligning with the emerging concept of off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s that could be constructed and scaled as needed.

While stellarators have historically been more complex and costly to build than tokamaks due to their intricate coil configurations, advances in computational modeling and manufacturing technology are steadily reducing these obstacles. The promise of a stable, continuous fusion process, free from the disruptions that plague tokamaks, makes the stellarator not just a testament to human ingenuity but a viable pathway to making fusion energy accessible on a global scale.

The Off-the-Shelf Fusion Concept

Building on the understanding of the stellarator’s unique design and capabilities, the innovative concept of off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s emerges as a potentially revolutionary development in the journey towards accessible and sustainable fusion energy. This concept envisions fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s being constructed and deployed in a manner akin to assembling modular furniture — a vision that dramatically simplifies the traditionally complex and costly process of building a fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor).

The idea behind off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s lies in the standardization and simplification of reactor components. Much like how flat-pack furniture is designed for easy assembly using common tools and minimal expertise, off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s would be manufactured in modular components. These components could then be shipped to various locations and assembled on-site, significantly reducing the barriers to entry for adopting fusion technology.

The implications of this approach are profound. Firstly, the accessibility of fusion energy would skyrocket, as institutions, communities, and possibly even individuals could procure and assemble their own fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s. The customization potential of modular components means that reactors could be tailored to meet the specific energy needs of different users, ranging from small-scale applications to powering entire communities.

Moreover, the off-the-shelf concept aligns perfectly with the stellarator’s unique adaptability to different scales and configurations. The inherent flexibility in the stellarator design could be further exploited through modularization, making it an ideal candidate for off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s. By leveraging the stellarator’s advantages, including its ability to operate continuously and its resilience to plasma instabilities, off-the-shelf reactors could offer a versatile and reliable energy solution.

However, the journey towards realizing this vision involves addressing significant technical challenges. The following chapter will delve into these challenges and explore the breakthroughs and ongoing research that aim to overcome the hurdles in making fusion energy not just a scientific marvel but a practical, widespread reality.

Challenges and Breakthroughs

The transition towards the realization of off-the-shelf fusion energy, designed to be as accessible and simple to construct as modular furniture, faces several stern challenges. At its core, the primary hurdle is achieving and maintaining the extreme conditions necessary for fusion to occur—temperatures exceeding millions of degrees Celsius and significant pressures—at a scale and cost-effective manner suitable for widespread adoption.

Managing these extreme conditions in a stable and controlled environment is no small feat. Traditional fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s, such as tokamaks, require immense magnetic fields to confine hot plasma. The scalability of these magnetics to sizes that would be practical and affordable for off-the-shelf systems poses significant engineering challenges. Furthermore, the materials capable of withstanding the brutal conditions inside a fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor) are expensive and require sophisticated manufacturing processes.

However, recent breakthroughs offer promising avenues towards overcoming these difficulties. Advanced materials science has given rise to new alloys and composites that can better withstand the harsh environment of a fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor), reducing costs and extending the operational lifespan of reactor components. On the plasma confinement front, novel approaches like compact fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s utilize different configurations of magnetic fields to achieve stable plasma confinement in smaller, more manageable sizes. These advancements might pave the way for the smaller, off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s envisioned.

Parallel to these technical developments, breakthroughs in superconducting materials have dramatically improved the efficiency and feasibility of the powerful magnets needed for plasma confinement, making them smaller, cheaper, and more adaptable to various reactor designs. Coupling these superconductors with innovative magnetic field configurations could lead to significant reductions in the size and cost of fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s.

Ongoing research also focuses on plasma behavior and control techniques, with artificial intelligence and machine learning offering promising methods for optimizing plasma conditions and stability in real-time—an essential step for making fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s both safer and more economical.

Despite these significant advances, the path towards practical and widespread off-the-shelf fusion energy is still strewn with scientific and engineering challenges. Continued investment in research and development, alongside collaborative international efforts, remains crucial in surmounting these obstacles. By drawing on the collective expertise and creativity of the global community, the dream of bringing fusion energy to the mainstream, with all its potential for providing clean, abundant power, edges ever closer to reality.

Economic Implications and Accessibility

Building on the significant strides made in overcoming the technical hurdles associated with fusion energy, as detailed in the preceding chapter, this segment delves into the economic implications and accessibility of off-the-shelf fusion solutions. The potential shift towards a fusion-based energy paradigm hinges not just on the science powering it but equally on the economics and infrastructure required to make it a global reality.

Central to the discussion of off-the-shelf fusion energy solutions is the drastic reduction in setup and operational costs they promise. Traditional nuclear fission plants, for instance, necessitate monumental initial investments and extensive, specialized facilities; fusion energy’s evolution could upend this financial paradigm. Experts predict that the manufacturing and distribution of modular, off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s could reduce both capital and operational expenses dramatically. Such reactors, designed for plug-and-play simplicity, could be mass-produced and easily deployed, bypassing the need for large-scale, custom-built infrastructure.

Moreover, the accessibility of off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s could democratize energy production, breaking down the monopolies of large utilities and enabling a more distributed energy model. This democratization aligns with growing global aspirations for energy security and independence, allowing communities and even individual entities to generate their own power with few to no carbon emissions. This could particularly revolutionize energy access in remote or underdeveloped regions where traditional grid infrastructure is unfeasible or prohibitively expensive.

However, realizing this vision necessitates overcoming significant logistical and regulatory challenges. The development of a robust supply chain for the manufacturing and distribution of these reactors, along with ensuring stringent safety standards, will require concerted efforts from both the public and private sectors. Additionally, clear and supportive regulatory frameworks will be critical in facilitating swift adoption and integration into existing energy systems.

The economic transformation ushered in by off-the-shelf fusion solutions could, therefore, be profound. By substantially lowering the barrier to entry for clean energy production, they hold the potential to reshape global energy markets, catalyze economic development, and significantly contribute towards mitigating climate change. The promise of such a shift not only complements the technical achievements discussed previously but sets the stage for the subsequent exploration of the environmental impact and sustainability of fusion energy, underpinning its role in a future low-carbon economy.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

In considering the environmental advantages of fusion energy, it’s critical to understand its sustainability and minimized impact compared to traditional fossil fuels and even some current forms of renewable energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which release significant amounts of carbon dioxide contributing to climate change, fusion energy offers a carbon-neutral solution. Fusion reactions, by their nature, do not produce carbon emissions. This stark contrast positions fusion energy as a substantial leap forward in our quest to curb global warming and reduce our carbon footprint.

Another key environmental advantage is the scarcity of long-lived radioactive waste. Fusion reactors, in comparison to current nuclear fission plants, produce significantly less radioactive waste. Moreover, the half-life of this waste is considerably shorter, spanning tens of years rather than thousands, making its management and disposal less of a long-term environmental liability. This aspect of fusion energy underscores its sustainability, showcasing a path forward that does not compromise the well-being of future generations for the sake of current energy needs.

Moreover, the fuel used in fusion reactions, such as deuterium and tritium, is more abundantly available than the uranium and plutonium used in fission reactions. Deuterium can be extracted from seawater, making it virtually limitless as a resource, while tritium can be bred from lithium, which is relatively abundant in the earth’s crust. This abundance ensures a sustainable supply of fuel, unlike the finite reserves of fossil fuels, which are subject to depletion and volatile markets.

The long-term environmental benefits of transitioning to fusion energy are profound. By significantly reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels, we can mitigate the impact of climate change. Additionally, the sustainable nature of fusion fuel and the minimal waste it produces present a vision of a future where energy is not only abundant and affordable but also in harmony with our planet’s ecological balance.

The promise of fusion energy, therefore, lies not just in its potential to revolutionize how we generate and consume energy but also in its capacity to align energy production with the principles of environmental stewardship and sustainability. As we move forward, the integration of off-the-shelf fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s could become a pivotal moment in our transition to a more sustainable and eco-friendly global energy paradigm.

Frequently Asked Questions about Fusion Energy

Fusion energy, at its core, is the process that powers the sun and other stars, where atomic nuclei combine under extreme heat and pressure to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the process. This is achieved on Earth through two main types of fusion reactor ( https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor )s: tokamaks and stellarators. Both designs aim to confine plasma—a hot, ionized gas where fusion reactions occur—long enough to sustain a controlled fusion reaction.

The journey towards practical fusion energy has been challenging and gradual. Scientists have made significant strides, but several technical hurdles remain before fusion can be a widely accessible energy source. Current projections suggest that achieving a commercially viable fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor) could still be decades away, due in part to the intricate engineering required to maintain stable plasma and the efficient harnessing of the energy it produces.

Stellarators and tokamaks represent two principal approaches to achieving controlled fusion. Tokamaks, with their toroidal (doughnut-shaped) design, use powerful magnetic fields to confine plasma in a stable loop. Stellarators, by contrast, employ a complex arrangement of magnetic coils to achieve the same goal without requiring the plasma to generate the confining magnetic field, potentially offering superior stability over the long run. Each design has its merits and challenges, with ongoing research focused on enhancing their efficiency and scalability.

In the age of the internet and open-source technology, the idea of individuals building their own fusion reactor (https://torontostarts.com/2024/10/30/portable-fusion-reactor)s might seem plausible. Indeed, some enthusiasts and amateur scientists have constructed small-scale fusion devices, known as fusors, in their garages or laboratories. However, these devices are far from achieving the conditions required for net energy production and serve more as educational or experimental tools rather than a step towards decentralized fusion energy production.

Safety is an essential consideration in the development of fusion energy. Unlike nuclear fission, fusion does not produce long-lived radioactive waste, significantly reducing the risk of environmental contamination. The primary safety concern revolves around the management of the high-energy neutrons produced during fusion reactions, which can activate materials and require careful shielding and material selection to mitigate.

The potential impacts of fusion energy on daily life are profound, offering a virtually limitless, low-carbon energy source that could significantly reduce our dependency on fossil fuels, thereby mitigating climate change and enhancing global energy security. However, barriers such as the technological challenges of achieving sustained and controlled fusion, the high initial investment costs, and the need for international collaboration and regulation remain.

Fusion energy presents a path toward a sustainable future, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and providing a clean, inexhaustible source of power. Its development aligns with global sustainability goals, emphasizing the importance of continued research and innovation.

The future of fusion energy research is both exciting and uncertain. With developments in superconducting materials, plasma control technologies, and alternative fusion methods, such as inertial confinement fusion, the dream of harnessing the power of the stars seems gradually more attainable. As we push the boundaries of science and technology, the collective endeavor of the global research community continues to light the way toward a fusion-powered future.

Conclusions

The advancement toward off-the-shelf fusion energy represents a monumental shift, promising a future where clean, abundant energy could be as commonplace and simple to assemble as household furniture. The potential for revolutionizing how we power our world is immense, with everything from small communities to large nations standing to gain.

Ontario’s Startup Ecosystem:

Additional Links

Episode transcript

Read the full transcript

Craig: nuclear fusion. the new idea is an off the shelf reactor that you put together like ikea furniture.

Jon: yeah. so it's not i wouldn't say it's too groundbreaking because i think it's taken from a design from the seventies. so for those of you that don't know, fusion is not a viable technology right now. what is currently being used is fission. so we have nuclear fission reactors all over the world. fusion is still that, holy grail of energy, but there's a new approach to fusion reactor construction that's being developed, which is kind of like if you think about putting together ikea furniture, assembly required. so, it's called an off the shelf stellarator. and so for those of you who don't know, i don't know if you have a picture of it, but a stellarator, it's a device designed to combine plasma using magnetic fields for the purpose of achieving controlled nuclear fusion. it kinda looks like a snake donut, but you know a wavy donut kind of thing. it's really cool. but yeah. so, the cool thing about this is it could significantly reduce the cost and complexity of building fusion reactors, which could potentially accelerate the development fusion in.

Craig: yeah. there's a couple of pictures. you can see this one here is a sixteen copper coil electromagnetic resembling a giant slices of pineapple wrapped around the stellinator shell. so that's kind of the hosey looking thing in the middle.

Jon: yeah.

Craig: yeah. this was really interesting. they offer a different approach to fusion unlike traditional tol tokamak react, devices, tokamak reactors. i always have a hard time saying tokamak. yeah. the advanced algorithm, stellanears possess twisted coils that create stable plasma without, continual adjustments. they're compact, and they're constructed using standardized, modular components, reducing cost significantly. so this is very cool where we're moving towards. are we gonna see real fusion soon?

Jon: i think so. we haven't covered too much fusion lately, but, there have been a few articles where there have been some achievements and some advancements in fusion technology as far as sustaining and power output. but we're talking these huge large reactors that are, just kind of prototypes. so, the cool thing about this is the standardization of these components for this that could lead to economies of scale in fusion reactor construction, which means that other countries, other, like, other, companies could get involved and start helping to, accelerate the development of fusion. and so just a quick, thing with fusion, what it's doing is you're fusing two molecules together, two atoms. right? so that's why you need all these heavy magnets and stuff. it's because you need to fuse those two to create energy, if that makes sense. so as opposed to fission where you're splitting atoms.

Craig: and, apparently, one of the primary utility of the stellarators is their prolonged operational stability.

Jon: oh, cool. okay. i didn't read that. yeah.

Craig: yeah. so i guess they don't need adjustments. they just stay functional, for longer periods of time. public outreach on nuclear fusion safety and efficacy is gonna be crucial. but as we see with mobile nuclear reactors we've been talking about that seem to be, all the rage these days that, you know, this shouldn't be too far behind?

Jon: i think it is behind, because it's a whole different way of nuclear of creating energy.

Craig: so when i say it shouldn't be from an advocacy point of view, there shouldn't be it as what i'm saying is, like, everyone's afraid of this type of technology because we don't know what to do. but now that everyone's buying their own nuclear plants, apparently, that this shouldn't be a barrier. so i'm saying

Jon: you know what? that's a great point. yeah. yeah. like, with the more widespread adoption of nuclear fission technology, absolutely. i think that this is, it'll help with the adoption and the advancement of fusion technology for sure.

Craig: costing only six hundred and forty thousand in the us and built in less than a year, the device stands in contrast to prominent stellar stellarators like the germany wenzel wendelstein x seven x, a massive tentacle machine that took one point one billion dollars and more than twenty years to construct.

Jon: yeah. and i think too, with the advancement of ai and integration with ai, i think that's gonna help the development as well.

Craig: you know, just take a think about that for a minute. one point one billion in twenty years. we are now doing it for, just over half a million

Jon: yeah.

Craig: in less than a year.

Jon: it's crazy.

Craig: yeah. you know, we're advancements are crazy. the cost is going down exponentially. the time it takes to build these things are going down exponentially. yeah. fusion reactions have powered the sun since it formed an estimated four point six billion years ago. i've seen a lot of fusion energy skeptics. i assume you're not one of them?

Jon: no. i don't think so. so the reason being is is, obviously, i'm not an expert in the field, but, if you look at any research, the materials that are used that are, and and how the things are constructed. like, these things are, like, they're able to withstand. i can't remember the ridiculous amount of temperature, but it's crazy. i'm, i i think this is, viable, and we just need our technology and our research to get us there.

Craig: yeah. because currently, right now, it's not whether fusion can work. physics laboratories and even individuals have successfully fused nuclei of hydrogen liberating energy, but to produce more power than is consumed in the process.

Jon: yeah.

Craig: and currently, right now, fusing atoms isn't enough. so we'll have to see where this goes. i liked it. but now that we can take what was twenty years and one point one billion dollars, you know, the next version of this is gonna be half a year and less than five hundred thousand, it becomes more, accessible to people. more testing can be done. more work can be done. and all of a sudden, you're leaping forward, in months what takes years before.

Jon: yeah.

Craig: i'm really, excited about this. and, you know, containment obviously is important in fusion energy, and that's why, you know, you're saying there's a lot of cost in that heavier items and the stuff that keep, the containment and keep it secure.

Jon: yeah. exactly. yeah.

Craig: alright. so, many com magnet, confinement designs, including a twenty four point five billion i i two reactor under construction in two thousand ten uses internal current flowing. but this current can create instabilities, and even small instabilities in the plasma can cause it to escape confinement leading to energy loss and potential damage to hardware. so these tellers, you know, are great, for confinement. and yeah. so that stuff doesn't happen. and it costs, like, again, so much less than these other products so far.

Jon: mhmm. yeah.

Craig: amazing. there's great articles over here. anything else you wanna say about this, john?

Jon: nope. no. i'm good. yeah. exciting, exciting fusion or fission or fusion. i'm sorry. yeah.

Craig: absolutely. and there's an article on toronto starts dot com about this and, a little piece of, like, looking like something you could assemble. right. and that goes into all of these things we just talked about, you know, that the tokamak was originally developed in the late nineteen fifties, has been proved by stellator's design by introducing, toroidal magnetic field combine with current, strong current through the plasma. there's a bunch of stuff. so if you wanna understand it and dive deep, there's an article here on trial stars dot com where this podcast is located. so definitely go check that out.

Jon: yeah.

More from Silicon Scoop

All episodes